Voenen Zhurnal 4/2025

Colonel Dr. Rumen Hristov, Assoc. Prof.
Rakovski National Defence College

Abstract. Since the beginning of the war between Russia and Ukraine in February 2022, the information available from various sources, including Ukrainian, has revealed some important facts related to logistics or having a direct impact on it. This article aims to analyze and present some facts that should be paid attention to by logistics specialists, and not only by them. Nowadays, it is increasingly clear that in order to win an operation or war with as many people and equipment as possible without timely and adequate logistical support, this is unthinkable. When talking about logistics, the term „logistics support“ is also used, which is established in the Bulgarian Army.
Keywords: supply; deliveries; transportation; maintenance of military equipment and medical support

Dr. Valentina Georgieva, Assoc. Prof.
Rakovski National Defence College

Abstract. The article is a critical analysis of English language training and examination for determining the level of English proficiency in accordance with NATO STANAG 6001 within the Bulgarian Armed Forces. It presents the regulatory documents, the structure, tasks, and management of the English language training system in Bulgarian higher military educational institutions, Rakovski National Defence College in particular. The organisation of English language training at RNDC and the activities of the English Language Certification Team are analysed. Some problems are identified (including in regulatory documents such as ministerial orders), and suggestions for overcoming them are proposed.
Keywords: English language training; Armed Forces; STANAG 6001

 
Major Dr. Dimo Ivanov, Assist. Prof.
Rakovski National Defence College

Abstract. The article aims to present „zero resistance“ as a form of tactical behavior in the context of future military and hybrid conflicts. It analyzes the risks and advantages of this approach, including its potential to accelerate the allied response when the need arises to conduct an operation in response to a crisis. It emphasizes that the tactic of „zero resistance“ is not a refusal to defend, but a strategic means of maintaining deterrence through a strong message to the aggressor and an understanding of the deliberate avoidance of armed resistance by one of the parties to the conflict in order to achieve a strategic or operational advantage, if necessary, for a collective NATO response.
Keywords: zero resistance; deterrence and defense; tactical behavior; military conflicts; hybrid conflicts; terrorism; strategic choice; crisis response operations

Georgi К. Georgiev, Assist. Prof.
Rakovski National Defence College

Abstract. The article examines how information systems qualitatively transform the planning and management of logistic support under combat conditions by providing a unified environment, timely situational awareness, and accelerated decision-making cycles. Emphasis is placed on the integration between the national doctrinal framework and interoperable allied information systems, which turns doctrinal norms into operationally applicable plans, supports the synchronization of actions, and increases the resilience of supply chains. It is demonstrated that the use of logistics information systems is a key factor for efficiency, adaptability, and managed risk in contemporary combat operations.
Keywords: logistics; combat operations; information systems; planning; LOGFAS; logistic support

Colonel (OF-5) Dr. Atanas Atanasov, Assoc. Prof.
Rakovski National Defence College

Abstract. The article examines the development of anti-tank missile systems and their competition with loitering munition (kamikaze) drones. It demonstrates that while anti-tank missile systems remain reliable and effective at short and medium ranges, loitering munitions offer a new level of flexibility, deep-strike capability, and lower operational cost. The analysis concludes that the two systems are not mutually exclusive but rather complementary elements within a comprehensive anti-tank defense framework.
Keywords: anti-tank missile systems (ATGMs); loitering munition (kamikaze) drones; unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs); artificial intelligence in weapon systems; technological evolution of armaments

LCDR Georgi Kalinov
Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy

Abstract. The scientific article reveals and analyzes the selection process and initial training of US Navy SEAL. It presents an analysis of the structure of these units and the specific tasks performed by them. The author made a comparative analysis of the initial selection process (training stages and phases) of combat swimmers from the US Navy and the Bulgarian Navy. The scientific methods used in the article are survey, observation, comparative analysis and synthesis. In the era of high technology and artificial intelligence, more and more demands are being placed on the selection and training of combat divers for naval Special Forces on a global scale. Adaptation is an inevitable factor in the process of selection and training.
Keywords: combat swimmers; combat divers; naval Special Forces; selection; training; Navy

Major (OF-3) Lachezar Rusekov, Assist. Prof.
Rakovski National Defence College

Abstract. The article analyzes the information factor as a key element of the operational environment in modern land operations. It examines its manifestations as an instrument of national power, an environmental factor, and an operational factor, as well as its connection to achieving cognitive superiority. The focus is placed on the concept of multi-domain operations and Colonel John Boyd’s OODA (Observe – Orient – Decide – Act) loop. The article emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to the information domain in order to achieve and maintain initiative in combat actions.
Keywords: operational environment; information factor; cognitive superiority; multi-domain operations; land operations; OODA loop

Voenen Zhurnal Scientific Journal

Volume 132 (year 2025)

Issue 1: pp. 1 – 130

Issue 2: pp. 131 – 268

Issue 3: pp. 269 – 418

Issue 4: pp. 419 – 546

Research, Analysis, Foresees

33 – 45       Urban Warfare Based on the Experience of the War in Ukraine and the New Instructions of the Russian Armed Forces / Andrey Mihaylov
46 – 61       Public-Private Partnership: a Renewed Paradigm in Public Resource Management / Zhivko Lavchev

62 – 71       Analysis of Public Communications in the Event of A Terrorist Act – Communication Response of the Authorities and Coverage in the Media / Uri Ben Yaakov

168 – 182 Foreign Language Capabilities of the Bulgarian Armed Forces / Dimitar Tashkov, Diana Borimechkova

183 – 221  Comparative Analysis of the “Lessons Learned” Extracting Model in NATO and the Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria / Zarko Zdravkov

203 – 221   The Evolution of Political Theory in International Relations up to the XXI Century / Dimitar Drinkov

222 – 229 The Balkan Wars in the Works of the Artist Konstantin Shtarkelov, Stored in the Central State Archives / Krasimira Chakarova

300 – 311   Assessment of the Risk of Carrying out a Terrorist Act by an Individual Terrorist during Mass Events / Uri Ben Yaakov

312 – 323   Artillery Systems in the Conflict Between Russia and Ukraine since the Beginning of 2022 / Dilyan Markov

324 – 333    Military-Civil Integration of AI in China / Ilia Tabakov

334 – 352 Public-Private Partnerships – a Key to Defense Modernization / Zhivko Lavchev

449 – 463   English Language Training in Bulgarian Armed Forces: Quo Vadis? / Valentina Georgieva

464 – 477   „Zero Resistance“ as a Form of Tactical Behavior in the Context of Future Conflicts / Dimo Ivanov

478 – 489   The Role of Information Systems in the Process of Planning and Management of Logistic Support in Combat Operations / Georgi K. Georgiev

Policies, Strategies, Leadership

5 – 15         Building Organizational Resilience: Strategic Approaches / Dimitar Tashkov

15 – 32       Management System of Peacetime Special Production in Bulgaria during 1951 – 1990 / Dimitar Hristov

135 – 152 Measuring the Resilience of Bulgarian Society against Misinformation and Disinformation / Petko Dimov

153 – 167   Planning – Basic Function of Leading / Silviu-Iulian Gimiga

273 – 289   Chronology of the „Fifteen Day War“. 140 Years of the Serbo-Bulgarian War in 1885 / Kalin Ranchev

290 – 299   The Concept of Common European Security and Defence in the Current International Context / Iulian Toader

423 – 436   Security Milestones in the Black Sea Region at the Beginning of 2025 / Bogdan-Constantin Pagnejer, Daniel Dumitru

437 – 448   Logistics in the War in Ukraine and Lessons to be Learned / Rumen Hristov

Теория и практика / Theory and Practice

73 – 90       Status and Approaches for Improvement of Supply and Maintenance of Ammunition in the Bulgarian Army / Marin Glushev

91 – 100     Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea as a Challenge to the Law of the Sea / Valentin Velkov

101 – 113   NATO Logistic Support Realities and Challenges / Dimitar Kirilov

113 – 121   Using Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to Improve Safety and Efficiency in Critical Infrastructure Facilities / Grigor Bambekov

230 – 247   Early Warning Systems in Case of Crisis / Daniela Baleva

248 – 259   Designing Microwave Devices in Antenna Magus Software to Increase Efficiency and Optimizing Security Systems / Yoana Ivanova

353 – 367   Introduction of Biometric Identification Cards as a Tool for Human Resources Management in the Security and Defence Sector / Radoslav Chalakov, Andon Andonov

368 – 377   Vulnerability Management in Cybersecurity / Kristina Krumova

378 – 389   Intelligent Multi-Drone Systems: Architecture, Algorithms,Communication and Regulations / Milena Georgieva

390 – 409   Some Sources of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in a Military Environment / Lora Leontieva

490 – 505   Is the End of Anti-Tank Missile Systems Approaching with the Emergence of Loitering Munition (Kamikaze) Drones on the Battlefield / Atanas Atanasov

506 – 519   United States Navy SEAL Selection and Initial Training Process / Georgi Kalinov

520 – 530   Информационният фактор през призмата на сухопътните операции – фундамент за осъществяване на когнитивно превъзходство в бойните действия / Лъчезар Русеков

The Information Factor through the Prism of Land

Operations – a Foundation for Achieving Cognitive Superiority in Combat Actions / Lachezar Rusekov

The purpose of these Guidelines is to ensure the highest possible visibility of published texts in scientific databases.

The guidelines have been developed in accordance with the current BDS ISO 690:2021 standard – Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources.

Voenen Zhurnal scientific journal only considers manuscripts that have not been published, or submitted for publication, in another journal. A submitted manuscript that does not fit the journal’s subject matter, or is not formatted according to the Guidelines, will be rejected without going through the anonymous review process.

The manuscript should contain original ideas and scientific results. Detailed presentation of theoretical statements, concepts or definitions freely available from other sources is discouraged. The journal reserves the right not to publish a manuscript found to have high similarity rate.

The manuscript should cite only references used in the text. Self-citations, as well as citation of sources not used in the text, do not contribute to the scientific impact of the manuscript.

A standard word processing program should be used to format the manuscript. Appendices in the form of graphs, tables, or illustrations must be readable and processable with programs commonly used for such purposes.

Preferably, manuscripts should be sent electronically as an attachment to the accompanying e-mail – to the e-mail address: zhurnal@rndc.bg. In the same email, the author should explicitly declare that the manuscript has not already been published or submitted for publication in another journal and that the text does not contain classified information.

Decision on publication will be taken based on the reviewers’ opinion. Editors may edit manuscripts when necessary.

Manuscript should be deemed accepted for publication when the author receives a letter of confirmation. If a confirmation letter is not received within six months within the submission, the author has the right to withdraw the manuscript in written form. The Journal does not make an explicit commitment to inform an author whose manuscript is considered rejected.

Manuscript preparation

General guidelines

• Manuscripts may be submitted in Bulgarian or in English depending on the author’s opinion or on the reviewers recommendation. Manuscripts in other languages could be published at the discretion of the editors.
• It is not recommended to specifically format the text itself with regard to tabs, bullets and other similar symbols. Tabs should be used for table layout only.
• Recommended manuscript length: 40,000 characters (including spaces) – for a research article, and 20,000 characters – for a review. There are no formatting requirements in terms of font type and size.
• Manuscripts should be compiled in the following order:
  • title of the paper (without any abbreviations);
  • names of the authors with their scientific degree, academic position and institution;
  • abstract, that indicates the research goal and methodology, and outlines the research novelty and results. The abstract should correspond to the title, keywords and main text of the study. Recommended abstract volume: 100 – 150 words;
  • 3 – 6 keywords, related to the topic, divided by each other with ; ;
  • full text;
  • acknowledgements (if any) – this is the place to thank other supporters, or to indicate funding for a survey which results lay in the manuscript;
  • appendixes (as appropriate);
  • notes;
  • references;
  • full business card of the author(s) – academic position, affiliation, personal ID in scientific databases, name of faculty and/or institution, postal address, e-mail address;
• Figures (illustrations) and their captions, in addition to placing in the main text, should be separately provided in a supplementary file. Where the size of the figures is large and it is not possible to include them in the main text, their place is indicated by remarks (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, etc.).
• Tables should be used for presenting numerical data and dependencies. Plain text tables are not encouraged, as they cause difficulties in reading and understanding the text. Tables and their captions – in addition to placing in the main text – should be separately provided in a supplementary file.

Notes

• Notes are grouped as a separate paragraph after the main text. Their place in the main text is indicated as an upper index as endnotes. The Notes section also consists additional explanations or information, deemed as a burden to the main text.

References

• The References list should contain only sources that are available in long term for checking or referring. All other (marginal) sources, should be listed in the ‘Notes’ section.
• The references list should consist sources in Latin script. If there are sources in Cyrillic script, they should be presented in Latin script – preferably by transliteration, followed by indication for the original language [in square brackets].
• Sources are being arranged in ascending order by last and by first author name, followed by the year of publication. In case of multiple sources with the same author and year, the year is followed by lower case letters (a, b, c…).
• The references are being presented in accordance with the BDS ISO 690: 2021 standard (by name and year – Harvard system). The examples below show how this should be done.

Journal article

Consecutively are being listed author name, year of publication, article title, journal name (in italics), annual volume, issue number, page numbers (separated by a long dash).

REFERENCES

GRIGOROV, M., 2021. Antiteroristichni operatsii – ponyatie i spetsifiki pri provezhdaneto im. Voenen zhurnal, vol. 128, no 1, pp. 77 – 86. ISSN 0861-7392 [in Bulgarian].

Such a source is being indicated in the body text as (Grigorov 2021). If necessary to indicate specific page (e.g. p. 80), the indication is as follows: (Grigorov 2021, p. 80). If an article in an online periodical is cited, after the journal name (in italics), the source of the text (accessible web address or DOI number) should also be placed at the end of the cited source.

LOMAZZI, L.; CADINI, F.; GIGLIO, M. & MANES, A., 2022. Vulnerability

assessment to projectiles: Approach definition and application to helicopter platforms.

Defence Technology, vol. 18, no 9, pp. 1523 – 1537. Available on: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.

dt.2021.09.001. [last viewed: 29 October 2022].

Such a source is indicated in the body text as (Lomazzi, Cadini, Giglio & Manes 2022), or as (Lomazzi et al. 2022).

Books

The book title is given in italics. Mentions also are the city and the publisher of the book.

REFERENCES

NEDYALKOV, D., 2022. 130 godini balgari v nebeto. Kratka istoria na balgarskata voenna aviatsia. Sofia: Prozorets. ISBN 9786192432300. [in Bulgarian].

Such a source is indicated in the body text as (Nedyalkov 2022). If necessary to indicate specific page (e.g. pp. 18 – 19), the indication is as follows: (Nedyalkov 2022, pp. 18 – 19).

Edited books

Only the title of the cited book / collection is given in italics, after the title is indicated the page range of the quoted text.

REFERENCES

YORDANOV, P., 2022. Izsledvane na riskovete za kibersigurnostta vav vaorazhenite sili na Bulgaria. In: Savremenni aspekti na sigurnostta –predizvikatelstva, podhodi, reshenia, pp. 357 – 366. Sofia: Izdatelstvo G.S. Rakovski. [in Bulgarian].

Conclusion

• By submitting a text and/or illustrations for evaluation and possible publication, the author agrees to grant the rights for publication to Voenen Zhurnal for a period, in accordance with the Authorship Rights Bulgarian law. Published text should not be freely distributed, including through academic and social networks for sharing research results (e.g. ResearchGate.net and Academia.edu).
• In academic and social networks for sharing research results, the author only shares the manuscript in the originally submitted for consideration version. If the manuscript is being published, after the publication the author adds to the shared original manuscript the name, volume and issue of the journal in which the text was published.
• Publication of a manuscript does not necessarily imply editorial agreement with the views advocated by the authors.

Бележки

• Архивни източници и бележки се изписват в края на основния текст, на ези-ка на основния текст. Мястото им в текста се отбелязва с горен индекс като endnotes. В „Бележки“, могат да намерят място и допълнителни обяснения или сведения, за които е преценено, че присъствието им в основния текст би го обременило излишно.

Литература

• Списъкът с ползвана литература съдържа само литературни източници, които са достъпни за проверка, или справки. Всички останали източници, вкл. архивни извори, се посочват в раздел „Бележки“.
• Ползваната литература (ако основният текст е на кирилица) се избро-ява в два отделни последователни параграфа. В първия параграф литературата се изброява в оригинал. Във втория – на латиница, се повтаря съдържанието на предишния параграф (чрез транслитерация или в оригинал) (виж https://slovored. com/transliteration/).
• Източниците се подреждат в низходящ ред по фамилия и име на автор, следвана от година на публикуване. При няколко източника с един и същ автор и година, след годината следват малки букви (a, b, c…).
• Представянето на литературните източници в списъка на литературата става в съответствие с БДС ISO 690:2021 (Харвардска система). Примерите по-до-лу показват как трябва да става това.

Статия в списание

Последователно се посочват име на автор, година на издаване, заглавие на статия, име на списание (наклонен шрифт), годишен том, номер на брой, номера на страници (разделени с дълго тире).

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

ГРИГОРОВ, М., 2021. Антитерористични операции – понятие и специфики при провеждането им. Военен журнал, бр. 128, кн. 1, стр. 77 – 86. ISSN 0861-7392.

REFERENCES

GRIGOROV, M., 2021. Antiteroristichni operatsii – ponyatie i spetsifiki pri provezhdaneto im. Voenen zhurnal, vol. 128, no 1, pp. 77 – 86. ISSN 0861-7392 [in Bulgarian].

Такъв източник се цитира в основния текст на латиница като (Grigorov 2021). Ако е нужно да се посочи конкретна страница (напр. стр. 80), се посочва по следния начин: (Grigorov 2021, p. 80).

Ако се посочва статия в онлайн периодично издание, източникът на текста (достъпен уеб адрес или DOI номер) следва да бъде поставен в края на цитирания източник.

LOMAZZI, L.; CADINI, F.; GIGLIO, M. & MANES, A., 2022. Vulnerability

assessment to projectiles: Approach definition and application to helicopter platforms.

Defence Technology, vol. 18, no 9, pp. 1523 – 1537. Available on: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.

dt.2021.09.001. [last viewed: 29 October 2022].

Такъв източник се посочва в основния текст като (Lomazzi, Cadini, Giglio & Manes 2022), или като (Lomazzi et al. 2022).

Книги

С наклонен шрифт се маркира заглавието на книгата. Необходимо е да се посочи също град на издаване и име на издателство. Книгите, публикувани на кирилица, се представят и на латиница в параграфа References.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

НЕДЯЛКОВ, Д., 2022. 130 години българи в небето. Кратка история на българската военна авиация. София: Прозорец. ISBN 9786192432300.

REFERENCES

NEDYALKOV, D., 2022. 130 godini balgari v nebeto. Kratka istoria na balgarskata voenna aviatsia. Sofia: Prozorets. ISBN 9786192432300.

Такъв източник се цитира в основния текст като (Nedyalkov 2022). Ако е необходимо, се посочва и конкретна страница, напр. (Nedyalkov 2022, pp. 18 – 19).

Книги/сборници с редактор

Само заглавието на цитираната книга/сборник се дава с наклонен шрифт, следват номерата на цитираните страници.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

ЙОРДАНОВ, П., 2022. Изследване на рисковете за киберсигурността във въоръжените сили на България. В: Съвременни аспекти на сигурността – предизвикателства, подходи, решения, стр. 357 – 366. София: Издателство Г.С. Раковски.

REFERENCES

YORDANOV, P., 2022. Izsledvane na riskovete za kibersigurnostta vav vaorazhenite sili na Bulgaria. In: Savremenni aspekti na sigurnostta – predizvikatelstva, podhodi, reshenia, pp. 357 – 366. Sofia: Izdatelstvo G.S. Rakovski.

• С изпращането на текст и/или илюстрации за оценяване и евентуално последващо публикуване, авторът се съгласява да предостъпи на сп. Военен журнал правата върху публикувания текст за определен период, съгласно ЗАПСП. Публи-куван текст не следва да се разпространява свободно, включително и чрез акаде-мични и социални мрежи за споделяне на резултати от научни изследвания (напр. ResearchGate.net и Academia.edu).