CONTENTS
Research, Analysis, Foresees
THE MILITARY HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM TRANSFORMATIONS
IN THE NEW SECURITY CONTEXT
Rear Admiral Dr. Alecu Toma, Assoc. Prof.
Colonel Dr. Cătălin Popa, Assoc. Prof.
Captain (ROU Navy) Dr. Dinu Atodiresei, Assoc. Prof.
Romanian Naval Academy “Mircea cel Batran” (Romania)
Abstract: The contemporary security context is very complex nowadays, passing through living history, facing the toughest challenges from the past 8 decades dominated in the background by the global order rebalancing from a polarized world to a deglobalized multipolar international texture, with regional poles of power, speaking now in clear about the “west global” and ”south global”. Between all the focal points of security imbalances, Black Sea region is concerned as one of the most critical, the consequences of Russian-Ukrainian conflict being nowadays the most impacting vector of security in the region with complex consequences, drawing up a new model of war. The new warfare model on land, air and naval operations becomes more technological, valorising the new technologies, from digital space to the artificial intelligence, enforcing the new approach also against the military educational and training system. The article focus is connected to the real transformations happening nowadays, in such dynamic and volatile environment, depicting in particular the topic of the Military Higher Education System transformations in the new security context, admitting as prerequisite, that the new conflict developments in the regions and crisis scenarios evolvement will definitely influent and change the face of the educational and training processes in the Defence Higher Education System.
Keywords: military higher education; security; system; crisis scenario; Black Sea; transformation
RUSSIA AND CHINA BEYOND
“NO LIMITS” FRIENDSHIP
Capt. (N) Bozhidar Ivanov
Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy (Bulgaria)
Abstract: Since 2017, Xi has in many of the country’s critical foreign policy addresses declared that the world is in the middle of “great changes unseen in a century”. Belt and Road Initiative is one of the most important enablers to the Chinese aspirations for global dominance. Russia’s geo-political interest does not envisage a primacy model in which “no limit” friend China physically replaces the USA as the World’s hegemon, but a multipolar one with Russia as a pivoting pole in the strategic relations between Europe and Asia based on its unique geo-political position, creating a natural bridge between Europe and Asia. This is the idea standing in the roots of its project “Great Eurasian Partnership”.
Keywords: Russian Federation; China; Belt and Road Initiative; global hegemony; multipolar
OVERVIEW OF THE QUALIFICATION FRAMEWORKS. THE BULGARIAN CASE
Capt. (N) Prof. Dr. Nedko Dimitrov
Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy (Bulgaria)
Abstract: The paper presents research, conducted by author in order to identify the relation between the European Qualifications Framework and Bulgarian National Qualifications Framework and to position the European Sectoral Qualifications Framework for the Military Officer Profession in the Bulgarian’s educational system. The comparative analysis is made using predefined criteria. The content analysis of the European Qualifications Framework and Bulgarian National Qualifications Framework gives the arguments for comparison. As the military qualification is a professional one, the author tries to compare the defined Sectoral Qualifications Framework for the Military Officer Profession qualifications with those of the Bulgarian Sectoral Qualifications Framework in order to decide about the cross-reference possibilities and application of the Sectoral Qualifications Framework for the Military Officer Profession for Bulgarian Sectoral Qualifications Framework for the Military Officer Profession development.
Keywords: qualification; framework; learning outcomes; sectoral qualification framework
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
ON HIGH-RISK OCCUPATIONS
IN THE NATIONAL SECURITY FIELD
Prof. Valeri Stoyanov, DSc., Dr. Anna Karadencheva,
Dr. Rositsa Nedeva
Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy (Bulgaria)
Abstract: The present study introduces the results from psychophysiological research of environmental stressors and individual resilience among people with high-risk occupations in the national security field.
In order to identify the personal capabilities for sustainability and the main stressors in this professional area, the research was conducted through individual interviews and apparatus psychophysiological examination with Biofeedbeck methodology, which reports in real time the reaction of the autonomic nervous system under the influence of a certain stress factor.
The results show that the leading stressor in employees’ activities is the experience of negative emotions, in the face of difficult and unpleasant interpersonal relationships in their work field.
By themselves, the results obtained design specific directions for educational and training improvement, related to the evolution of abilities for dealing with negative emotions on an individual level, and soft skills development in order to expand personal resilience on an organizational level.
Keywords: Biofeedback; leading stressors; national security
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR –
OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS
Dr. Kamelia Narleva, Assoc. Prof.,
Dr. Marieta Stefanova, Assoc. Prof.
Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy (Bulgaria)
Abstract: The report presents the technical and methodological use of artificial intelligence in disaster hazards by defining the critical issue in disaster management. The applications of artificial intelligence such as tracking and mapping, geospatial analysis, remote sensing techniques, robotics, drone technology, machine learning, telecommunications and network services, accident and hotspot analysis, smart urban planning, transportation planning and impact analysis on the environment, are the technological components of societal change that have significant implications for the scientific study of societal response to hazards and disasters. Used are different technologies and methods to study hazards and disasters through disciplinary, multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary lenses, quantitative and qualitative data collection and data analysis strategies.
Keywords: artificial intelligence (AI); geographic information system (GIS); disaster management cycle (DMC); geographic database (GD)
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
IN MARINE SECURITY CHALLENGES
AND THREATS IN THE BALTIC SEA
AND THE BLACK SEA
Prof. Tomasz Szubrycht, DSc.
Polish Naval Academy (Poland)
Abstract: The straight-line distance from Gdynia (Baltic Sea) to Varna (Black Sea) is 1,450 km, although preliminary analysis shows that despite the distance separating these two water bodies, there are many similarities and differences between them. These include the dominant religion in the coastal states, regional and global political, economic and military importance, hydrometeorological conditions, climate, and, finally, historical conditions determining the perception of these water areas by the coastal states. The purpose of this article is to identify similarities and differences between these water bodies. The greatest attention in the research process was focused on the similarities and differences in their perception by Russia and the consequences resulting from Russia’s Black Sea and Baltic policy. It should also be noted that in the next few years many of the presented conclusions may turn out to be incorrect or incomplete, because the outcome of the war in Ukraine and the peace provisions concluded between Ukraine and Russia. Those will be decisive in determining the real role and importance of mentioned water areas in the coming years.
Keywords: Baltic Sea; Black Sea; similarities; differences; war; Ukraine; Russia; role
Theory and Practice
COMMERCIAL TRANSPORT AND ENERGY CORRIDORS IN THE BACK SEA REGION IN THE CURRENT MARITIME SECURITY ENVIRONMENT
Dr. Siyana Lutzkanova, Assoc. Prof.
Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy (Bulgaria)
Abstract: The high degree of military intensity in the Black Sea region, caused by the Russian aggression towards Ukraine results in strong defragmentation and interests’ divergence of the states. The paper examines the current risks in the maritime security environment, their wide impact on the commercial and energy transport corridors in the context of some conventional and non-conventional emerging threats in the region. The reduction of the volume of the commercial transport and merchant fleet and the risks towards security and safety of commercial ports, the maritime lines of communication and the maritime critical infrastructure increase the defragmentation of the Black sea states in their operational and strategic long-term goals. The current war makes predictions of possible scenarios very difficult resulting in financial and economic insecurities. Besides the conventional physical security issues some key threats like hybrid and information warfare, lawfare of the Russian Federation, non-compliance with the international maritime law, seizure and control of national Ukrainian maritime spaces are considered, examined and analyzed. Another important aspect refers to the general advantage of NATO’s conventional combat fleet and the limited financial framework for the acquisition of new conventional combat capabilities of Russia that may result in the deployment of medium-range tactical systems for the purpose of deterrence as most adequate response. The role of the Black Sea in this scenario should not be underestimated with very bad economic consequences.
Keywords: Black Sea region; maritime security; Ukrainian war; maritime transport
ASPECTS IN USAGE OF UNMANNED SURFACE VEHICLE IN UKRAINIAN WAR
Dr. Todor Dimitrov, Assoc. Prof.
Rakovski National Defence College (Bulgaria)
Abstract. The paper examines the usage of various applications of unmanned surface vehicles (USV) in naval operations in the war in Ukraine. Based on the open-source data various types of attacks and chronological development of the use of USV in Ukrainian war have been analysed.
Keywords: unmanned surface vehicle; remotely operated system; Navy; Ukrainian war
OVERVIEW OF THE USE OF UNMANNED MARINE VEHICLES BY THE US NAVY
Assoc. Prof. Dragomir Krastev, DSc.
Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy (Bulgaria)
Abstract: The navies of the USA and the world’s leading countries are increasingly paying attention to the robotics of equipment. Until recently automation was used to improve conventional ships, nowadays it is directed towards making independent unmanned combat units for operations at sea. In the US Navy, unmanned ships already perform several tasks: reconnaissance, submarine search, and disposal of sea mines. Soon, unmanned ships will begin to solve much more complex tasks: from protecting naval bases to conducting sea battles and destroying objects along the enemy’s coast.
Today, technologically leading countries are developing various types of models of surface and underwater unmanned aerial vehicles for the needs of their navies. Accordingly, it is useful to review the industry’s current state in this sector in the USA to get an idea of its current state at the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century.
Keywords: unmanned marine vehicles; Navy; warfare; army technologies
LEGAL ASPECTS OF CONDUCTING A BOARDING OPERATION
Commander Dr. Zhivko Yordanov
Rakovski National Defence College
Abstract: Boarding operations are part of maritime interdiction operations. These operations are complex as an organization that they are carried out on a ship, which according to international law imposes a number of restrictions, but with the correct use of the legal-normative base also gives a number of advantages to the military and law enforcement authorities.
Keywords: armed forces; law; maritime interdiction operation; state institutions
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References
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Journal article
Consecutively are being listed author name, year of publication, article title, journal name (in italics), annual volume, issue number, page numbers (separated by a long dash).
REFERENCES
GRIGOROV, M., 2021. Antiteroristichni operatsii – ponyatie i spetsifiki pri provezhdaneto im. Voenen zhurnal, vol. 128, no 1, pp. 77 – 86. ISSN 0861-7392 [in Bulgarian].
Such a source is being indicated in the body text as (Grigorov 2021). If necessary to indicate specific page (e.g. p. 80), the indication is as follows: (Grigorov 2021, p. 80).
If an article in an online periodical is cited, after the journal name (in italics), the source of the text (accessible web address or DOI number) should also be placed at the end of the cited source.
LOMAZZI, L.; CADINI, F.; GIGLIO, M. & MANES, A., 2022. Vulnerability
assessment to projectiles: Approach definition and application to helicopter platforms.
Defence Technology, vol. 18, no 9, pp. 1523 – 1537. Available on: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
dt.2021.09.001. [last viewed: 29 October 2022].
Such a source is indicated in the body text as (Lomazzi, Cadini, Giglio & Manes 2022), or as (Lomazzi et al. 2022).
Books
The book title is given in italics. Mentions also are the city and the publisher of the book.
REFERENCES
NEDYALKOV, D., 2022. 130 godini balgari v nebeto. Kratka istoria na balgarskata voenna aviatsia. Sofia: Prozorets. ISBN 9786192432300. [in Bulgarian].
Such a source is indicated in the body text as (Nedyalkov 2022). If necessary to indicate specific page (e.g. pp. 18 – 19), the indication is as follows: (Nedyalkov 2022, pp. 18 – 19).
Edited books
Only the title of the cited book / collection is given in italics, after the title is indicated the page range of the quoted text.
REFERENCES
YORDANOV, P., 2022. Izsledvane na riskovete za kibersigurnostta vav vaorazhenite sili na Bulgaria. In: Savremenni aspekti na sigurnostta –predizvikatelstva, podhodi, reshenia, pp. 357 – 366. Sofia: Izdatelstvo G.S. Rakovski. [in Bulgarian].
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