Voenen Zhurnal 1-2024

CONTENTS

Research, Analysis, Foresees

STUDY OF THE OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR SYSTEM IN THE ARMED FORCES OF THE REPUBLIC
OF BULGARIA

Brigadier General Ivan Malamov
Head of National Military University “Vasil Levski”

Abstract: The paper presents the results of the study of the system of operation, maintenance and repair in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria, carried out on the basis of a methodology developed specifically for the needs of the study conducted by the author. The object of the study are three main target groups (categories) of servicemen. From the analysis of the obtained results, conclusions and proposals are synthesized concerning: the influence of the main logistic functions on the operation, maintenance and repair as elements of one system; the dependence between maintenance and repair with the supply function; the training of technical specialists and the structure of the technological process of maintenance and repair; the possibilities for improving the current system of maintenance and repair of weapons and equipment in order to optimize the overall system of logistic support.
Keywords: logistics system; study; operation; maintenance; repair; armament; equipment

SOME EFFECTS OF THE USE OF MINES IN THE BLACK SEA IN THE WAR BETWEEN RUSSIA AND UKRAINE

Captain Dr. Krasimir Kostadinov, Assoc. Prof.
Rakovski National Defence College

Abstract: The report examines the specifics of the events in the Black Sea in the war between Russia and Ukraine. Emphasis is placed on the use of mine weapons by the two belligerent states, the exported data on mines used and the danger to shipping from this activity. The hydrological features of the Black Sea are analyzed and what is the danger to shipping from free-floating mines.
Keywords: sea mines; Russia – Ukraine war; mine danger; mine war

STRATEGIC ARMS CONTROL NEGOTIATIONS IN THE FIRST DECADE AFTER THE END OF THE COLD WAR

Capt. (N) Prof. Dr. Nedko Dimitrov
Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy (Bulgaria)

Abstract. This scholarly article examines the problems ahead of the effective control of strategic armaments that have arisen in the first decade after the end of the Cold War. The collapse of the USSR left huge nuclear arsenals on the territory of four newly independent states. The US and the Russian Federation faced the challenge not only to convince Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan to voluntarily hand over to the Russian Federation the remaining nuclear weapons on their territory, but also to continue the complex negotiations between them to negotiate and ratify new treaties reducing their nuclear arsenals. In addition to the three planned START Treaties, the fate of the ABM Treaty become another contentious issue in the negotiations between the US and the Russian Federation. Despite these difficulties, strategic arms control became the least controversial aspect of NATO–Russia relations and one with the greatest potential for cooperation.
Keywords: NATO; Cold War; nuclear disarmament; START; Russian Federation; USSR; United States

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON HIGH-RISK OCCUPATIONS
IN THE NATIONAL SECURITY FIELD

Dr. Angel Apostolov
Rakovski National Defence College

Abstract: The present study introduces the results from psychophysiological research of environmental stressors and individual resilience among people with high-risk occupations in the national security field.
In order to identify the personal capabilities for sustainability and the main stressors in this professional area, the research was conducted through individual interviews and apparatus psychophysiological examination with Biofeedbeck methodology, which reports in real time the reaction of the autonomic nervous system under the influence of a certain stress factor.
The results show that the leading stressor in employees’ activities is the experience of negative emotions, in the face of difficult and unpleasant interpersonal relationships in their work field.
By themselves, the results obtained design specific directions for educational and training improvement, related to the evolution of abilities for dealing with negative emotions on an individual level, and soft skills development in order to expand personal resilience on an organizational level.
Keywords: Biofeedback; leading stressors; national security

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION: THE KEY TO IMPLEMENTING THE CONCEPT OF MULTIFIELD OPERATIONS

Colonel Silviu-Iulian Gimiga, PhD candidate
National University of Defence „Carol I” (Romania)
Colonel Prof. Dr. Cristian-Octavian Stanciu
National University of Defence „Carol I” (Romania)

Abstract: NATO has modernized for a new era of collective defense by introducing a new concept of multi-domain operations. Digital transformation underpins the implementation of the multi-domain operations concept that encompasses the five domains of land, air, naval, cyber, and space. The combination of existing or anticipated technology and operational concepts will decisively influence success in future operations. Emerging technologies offer prospects for the future development of incredible discoveries, creating renewable things, and transforming hard activities into bearable and even more sustainable ones. Whether artificial intelligence will replace human intelligence in the future, we cannot answer today, but we are sure that we do not want this substitute. Humans do not have the capacity to store all knowledge, but with the help of artificial intelligence that has sensors around it and things it already knows, it can produce spectacular performances.
Keywords: concepts; multi-domain operations; digital transformation; artificial intelligence; development programs

SELECTION FOR SPECIAL FORCES, A CORNERSTONE
OF BUILDING CAPABILITIES

Lieutenant Colonel Dr. Hrsito Georgiev
Rakovski National Defence College

Abstract: The present security environment requires the use of different means, flexible and relevant to different types of threats. Special Operations Forces are increasingly being used to counter just such threats. For even greater efficiency in their actions, the Special Operations Forces needs, among other things, excellently prepared and sufficient personnel. However, selection plays an important role in providing such personnel, which can be defined as an initial condition for achieving the desired goals.
Keywords: joint operations; National Security; Special Forces; selection

Theory and Practice

CORPORATE AND NATIONAL SECURITY –
RELATION PARAMETERS

Miroslava Mladenova
Rakovski National Defence College

Abstract. Protecting corporate assets is a priority for corporate leaders today, and building effective corporate security systems is among the top challenges for businesses. Economic security, as an element of the security of a country, requires a specific model of interaction between companies and nation states. This article aims to outline the parameters of the corporate-national security relation by identifying the similarities and simultaneously highlighting the differences between them. The evolution of corporate structures and their impact on different spheres of social life are significantly changing the concept, not only of their security, but also of the security of states. This requires new approaches to address the challenges, by enhancing cooperation between stakeholders and mutual engagement in risk management processes.
Keywords: corporate security; national security; transnational corporations

TRAINING OF TARGETING SPECIALISTS – NONSENSE
OR MISSION MANDATORY

Lieutenant colonel (OF-4) Dr. Radoslav Chalakov,
Assist. Prof.

Rakovski National Defence College

Abstract: Joint targeting is the result of the need to translate the joint force commander’s (JFC) plan into tactical actions. Joint targeting involves the process of selecting and prioritizing targets (classified in NATO as Facility, Individual, Virtual Entity, Equipment, or Organization (FIVE-O), and determining the appropriate means to influence them, taking into account operational requirements and available capabilities, to produce desired effects consistent with the objectives of the operation. It links tactical actions to the strategic desired end state through operational objectives by influencing prioritized impact objectives (IA).
Its practical application began in the early twentieth century, World Wars I and II, (Japanese Theater), continued with the Korean Conflict between North Korea and the United States, through the Vietnam War, was used during Operation Desert Storm, the Kosovo Conflict, the Iraq War, and continues to be applied in modern warfare.
It is hypothesized in this article that in the second decade of the twenty-first century, the first option in the title, „nonsense,“ is a thing of the past, while the second, „mission imperative,“ is valid and imperative.
Keywords: targeting; effect; specialists; training

THE IMPACT OF THE SHARED VALUE CONCEPT
ON CORPORATE ECONOMIC SECURITY

Dr. Vanya Minkova, MBA, MSIE
National Electricity Company

Abstract: The concept of shared value and its social component in relation to the individual, groups of people and whole communities is presented as a basic prerequisite for increasing the level of economic security. It is emphasized that by emphasizing the expansion of the social commitments of corporations through joint work with the public sector and governments, the shared value concept expands the perimeter of business, which is not just socially engaged and, in this context, socially adequate and obliged to make decisions that correspond to society’s values. In this sense, social responsibility is a new, higher degree of recognition of social obligations on the part of the corporation, which undoubtedly affects the increase of security, both at the micro- and macro-level.
Keywords: shared value; shared values; social responsibility; corporate behavior; economic security; national security

IMPACT OF EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENSE POLICY
ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPACE SEGMENT

Dr. Tsveta Monova
Rakovski National Defence College

Abstract: This report is devoted to research and examines the impact and role of the modern space industrial industry and is related to its space technology and innovation.
Keywords: space policy; defense, security; space technology; Galileo; EGNOS; Copernicus; European Union

GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS

The purpose of these Guidelines is to ensure the highest possible visibility of published texts in scientific databases.

The guidelines have been developed in accordance with the current BDS ISO 690:2021 standard – Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources.

Voenen Zhurnal scientific journal only considers manuscripts that have not been published, or submitted for publication, in another journal. A submitted manuscript that does not fit the journal’s subject matter, or is not formatted according to the Guidelines, will be rejected without going through the anonymous review process.

The manuscript should contain original ideas and scientific results. Detailed presentation of theoretical statements, concepts or definitions freely available from other sources is discouraged. The journal reserves the right not to publish a manuscript found to have high similarity rate.

The manuscript should cite only references used in the text. Self-citations, as well as citation of sources not used in the text, do not contribute to the scientific impact of the manuscript.

A standard word processing program should be used to format the manuscript. Appendices in the form of graphs, tables, or illustrations must be readable and processable with programs commonly used for such purposes.

Preferably, manuscripts should be sent electronically as an attachment to the accompanying e-mail – to the e-mail address: zhurnal@rndc.bg. In the same email, the author should explicitly declare that the manuscript has not already been published or submitted for publication in another journal and that the text does not contain classified information.

Decision on publication will be taken based on the reviewers’ opinion. Editors may edit manuscripts when necessary.

Manuscript should be deemed accepted for publication when the author receives a letter of confirmation. If a confirmation letter is not received within six months within the submission, the author has the right to withdraw the manuscript in written form. The Journal does not make an explicit commitment to inform an author whose manuscript is considered rejected.

Manuscript preparation

General guidelines

  • Manuscripts may be submitted in Bulgarian or in English depending on the author’s opinion or on the reviewers recommendation. Manuscripts in other languages could be published at the discretion of the editors.
  • It is not recommended to specifically format the text itself with regard to tabs, bullets and other similar symbols. Tabs should be used for table layout only.
  • Recommended manuscript length: 40,000 characters (including spaces) – for a research article, and 20,000 characters – for a review. There are no formatting requirements in terms of font type and size.
  • Manuscripts should be compiled in the following order:
    • title of the paper (without any abbreviations);
    • names of the authors with their scientific degree, academic position and institution;
    • abstract, that indicates the research goal and methodology, and outlines the research novelty and results. The abstract should correspond to the title, keywords and main text of the study. Recommended abstract volume: 100 – 150 words;
    • 3 – 6 keywords, related to the topic, divided by each other with ; ;
    • full text;
    • acknowledgements (if any) – this is the place to thank other supporters, or to indicate funding for a survey which results lay in the manuscript;
    • appendixes (as appropriate);
    • notes;
    • references;
    • full business card of the author(s) – academic position, affiliation, personal ID in scientific databases, name of faculty and/or institution, postal address, e-mail address;
  • Figures (illustrations) and their captions, in addition to placing in the main text, should be separately provided in a supplementary file. Where the size of the figures is large and it is not possible to include them in the main text, their place is indicated by remarks (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, etc.).
  • Tables should be used for presenting numerical data and dependencies. Plain text tables are not encouraged, as they cause difficulties in reading and understanding the text. Tables and their captions – in addition to placing in the main text – should be separately provided in a supplementary file.

Notes

  • Notes are grouped as a separate paragraph after the main text. Their place in the main text is indicated as an upper index as endnotes. The Notes section also consists additional explanations or information, deemed as a burden to the main text.

References

  • The References list should contain only sources that are available in long term for checking or referring. All other (marginal) sources, should be listed in the ‘Notes’ section.
  • The references list should consist sources in Latin script. If there are sources in Cyrillic script, they should be presented in Latin script – preferably by transliteration, followed by indication for the original language [in square brackets].
  • Sources are being arranged in ascending order by last and by first author name, followed by the year of publication. In case of multiple sources with the same author and year, the year is followed by lower case letters (a, b, c…).
  • The references are being presented in accordance with the BDS ISO 690: 2021 standard (by name and year – Harvard system). The examples below show how this should be done.

Journal article

Consecutively are being listed author name, year of publication, article title, journal name (in italics), annual volume, issue number, page numbers (separated by a long dash).

REFERENCES

GRIGOROV, M., 2021. Antiteroristichni operatsii – ponyatie i spetsifiki pri provezhdaneto im. Voenen zhurnal, vol. 128, no 1, pp. 77 – 86. ISSN 0861-7392 [in Bulgarian].

Such a source is being indicated in the body text as (Grigorov 2021). If necessary to indicate specific page (e.g. p. 80), the indication is as follows: (Grigorov 2021, p. 80).

If an article in an online periodical is cited, after the journal name (in italics), the source of the text (accessible web address or DOI number) should also be placed at the end of the cited source.

LOMAZZI, L.; CADINI, F.; GIGLIO, M. & MANES, A., 2022. Vulnerability

assessment to projectiles: Approach definition and application to helicopter platforms.

Defence Technology, vol. 18, no 9, pp. 1523 – 1537. Available on: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.

dt.2021.09.001. [last viewed: 29 October 2022].

Such a source is indicated in the body text as (Lomazzi, Cadini, Giglio & Manes 2022), or as (Lomazzi et al. 2022).

Books

The book title is given in italics. Mentions also are the city and the publisher of the book.

REFERENCES

NEDYALKOV, D., 2022. 130 godini balgari v nebeto. Kratka istoria na balgarskata voenna aviatsia. Sofia: Prozorets. ISBN 9786192432300. [in Bulgarian].

Such a source is indicated in the body text as (Nedyalkov 2022). If necessary to indicate specific page (e.g. pp. 18 – 19), the indication is as follows: (Nedyalkov 2022, pp. 18 – 19).

Edited books

Only the title of the cited book / collection is given in italics, after the title is indicated the page range of the quoted text.

REFERENCES

YORDANOV, P., 2022. Izsledvane na riskovete za kibersigurnostta vav vaorazhenite sili na Bulgaria. In: Savremenni aspekti na sigurnostta –predizvikatelstva, podhodi, reshenia, pp. 357 – 366. Sofia: Izdatelstvo G.S. Rakovski. [in Bulgarian].

Conclusion

  • By submitting a text and/or illustrations for evaluation and possible publication, the author agrees to grant the rights for publication to Voenen Zhurnal for a period, in accordance with the Authorship Rights Bulgarian law. Published text should not be freely distributed, including through academic and social networks for sharing research results (e.g. ResearchGate.net and Academia.edu).
  • In academic and social networks for sharing research results, the author only shares the manuscript in the originally submitted for consideration version. If the manuscript is being published, after the publication the author adds to the shared original manuscript the name, volume and issue of the journal in which the text was published.
  • Publication of a manuscript does not necessarily imply editorial agreement with the views advocated by the authors.